Oil
The ongoing conflict in Yemen has had devastating effects on the country’s economy and public services, leading to a staggering 18 million people lacking access to clean water. In response to this crisis, the World Bank, in collaboration with UNOPS, is working to improve water infrastructure and provide essential equipment to help three million people access clean water.
In addition to the water crisis, more than 16 million people in Yemen are facing food insecurity. The importation of cereals, including wheat, maize, and rice, is crucial to ensure an adequate calorie intake for the population. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has estimated that 4.3 million tonnes of cereals will be required in 2021 to meet the food needs of Yemenis.
The World Health Organization has also highlighted the issue of air pollution in Yemen, with around 1,100 premature deaths attributed to outdoor air pollution annually. The main sources of air pollution in Yemen are vehicle emissions in urban areas like Sana’a, as well as emissions from the oil industry in coastal regions. Urbanization, desalination plants, mining activities, power plants, and heavy construction equipment further contribute to the air pollution problem.
The environmental impact of the conflict in Yemen extends beyond water and air pollution. The country’s ecosystem, including its heritage architecture, is under immense pressure. Habitat loss, genetic erosion of native plant species, and widespread land degradation have taken a toll on the environment. The decline in vegetation cover, particularly in regions like the Sana’a Basin and surrounding highlands, has exacerbated soil erosion and reduced water availability, further threatening food security and ecosystem stability.
The environmental degradation in Yemen has reached a critical point, with infrastructure on the verge of collapse due to restrictions on the importation of essential supplies for water systems and environmental monitoring. Uncollected garbage, raw sewage, and polluted water have become pervasive issues, posing a threat to public health and exacerbating the environmental crisis.
Despite the challenges, there is hope for the restoration of Yemen’s environment and heritage. Initiatives to rebuild sustainable water networks, restore agricultural terraces, monitor air quality, and promote sustainable practices are underway. With targeted international support that respects traditional knowledge and local resources, there is potential for Yemen, particularly the resilient city of Sana’a, to recover and thrive once again.
The resilience of Sana’a, known as the “impregnable fortress,” has been tested throughout history by various occupations and conflicts. The city’s ancient architecture and water harvesting systems have enabled it to withstand challenges and rebuild after adversity. By leveraging traditional practices, engaging in community-led initiatives, and preserving cultural heritage, Sana’a can overcome its current environmental crisis and emerge stronger.
Samar Azazi, a Yemeni scholar with expertise in women’s rights, gender studies, and development, emphasizes the importance of preserving Yemen’s rich cultural heritage and environment. Through sustainable practices, community engagement, and international support, Yemen has the potential to recover from the environmental devastation caused by the ongoing conflict.
