The Eixample district in Barcelona, Spain is a bustling urban area that reflects a global trend highlighted in a recent United Nations report. The report states that more than 80 per cent of the world’s population now resides in urban areas, a figure that is expected to continue rising. This shift underscores the importance of ensuring that cities are not only beneficial for human health but also sustainable for the planet.
The report, titled World Urbanisation Prospects, published in 2018, revealed that 55 per cent of people globally live in urban areas. However, this estimate varied significantly due to differing definitions of urban and rural settlements across countries. To address this discrepancy, Sara Hertog and her team at the UN in New York established a standardized definition for urban areas, classifying cities with at least 50,000 inhabitants and a density of 1500 individuals per square kilometre, and towns with a minimum of 5000 residents and a density of 300 people per km².
Using this consistent definition, the researchers analyzed satellite and national survey data from 237 countries and regions to determine the current level of urbanization worldwide. Their findings revealed that 81 per cent of the global population now lives in urban areas, with the majority residing in cities with fewer than 250,000 inhabitants. Furthermore, projections indicate that by 2050, 83 per cent of the world’s population will be urban dwellers.
These new estimates are crucial for monitoring progress towards sustainable development goals, particularly goal 11, which focuses on creating inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements by 2030. Additionally, the data will inform policies aimed at mitigating climate change by contributing to reports produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
The drivers of urban population growth vary by region, with factors such as internal migration, international migration, and birth rates influencing urbanization trends. While urbanization can have environmental and health implications, strategic urban planning can mitigate negative effects. For example, expanding cities without adequate public transport infrastructure can lead to increased carbon emissions and urban sprawl. On the other hand, well-planned urban environments can offer more energy-efficient transportation options and access to essential services.
From a health perspective, urbanization presents challenges such as increased exposure to air pollution and extreme heat, which can impact cardiovascular and neurological health. However, urban areas also offer benefits such as improved healthcare accessibility and social connectivity, which can enhance overall well-being.
In conclusion, the report emphasizes the importance of creating sustainable and liveable cities to accommodate the growing urban population. It underscores the need for green spaces, efficient transportation systems, and social amenities to promote health and well-being in urban environments. As urbanization continues to increase globally, it is crucial to prioritize sustainable urban development to ensure a healthy and prosperous future for all.
