Parrot uses his broken beak to become a dominant male

In 2013, a malnourished and undersized parrot missing half of its beak faced a grim future in the wilds of Arthur’s Pass, located in New Zealand’s South Island.

Ximena Nelson from the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, recounts how one of her students discovered this struggling kea (Nestor notabilis), which had likely lost the upper part of its beak due to trauma. Given the kea’s endangered status, the student opted to bring the bird into captivity.

This choice would unexpectedly transform the bird’s life, leading to remarkable achievements.

The staff at Willowbank Wildlife Reserve in Christchurch, New Zealand, initially named the bird Kati, mistakenly assuming it was female due to its small size and missing upper beak. In male kea, the upper beak is notably large and used for digging, resembling something “like it could bite your finger off,” according to Nelson.

However, a DNA test revealed that Kati was male, prompting a name change to Bruce—“the silliest name we could think of,” Nelson explains.

This revelation was not the only surprise. Despite his physical limitations, Bruce established himself as the alpha male among the nine males and three females at Willowbank, a group of kea known as a ‘circus’.

The secret to Bruce’s dominance lay in his ability to use the lower half of his beak as a weapon.

Nelson clarifies that Bruce’s lower beak is “very straight and sharp and can be used to joust the other birds,” making it more than just a bluff.

While other males, typically over a kilogram and heavier than the 800-gram Bruce, cannot retaliate effectively due to their upper mandibles concealing their lower beaks, Bruce’s unique condition gave him an advantage.

Nelson notes, “So even if they tried headbutting another bird, it would just be a blunt rounded curve that would hit them. Whereas Bruce pushes himself so fast forward against another bird that he kind of topples over.”

She adds that Bruce’s attacks are “a serious jab, and the other birds really don’t like it. I mean, when he does that, they’re just wings in the air, jumping back as fast as possible.”

Over four weeks, 162 aggressive interactions were recorded among the male birds. Bruce emerged victorious in each of the 36 encounters he participated in.

He also maintained control over the four feeding stations in the enclosure and engaged lower-status birds to assist in cleaning his lower beak and preening him—actions not observed in other captive birds.

The team sought to understand the impact of Bruce’s dominance on the social hierarchy. They discovered that Bruce’s stress hormone levels were the lowest, likely because his alpha position was so secure, requiring less frequent displays of aggression compared to the other males.

According to the team, Bruce exemplifies a severely injured animal achieving and maintaining alpha status through behavioral innovation alone, a first outside of humans.

He demonstrates that being different is not necessarily a disadvantage, rendering prosthetic beak repair unnecessary.

Nelson expresses admiration for Bruce, saying, “I really like Bruce, actually. When there is reason to fight, yeah, he’ll fight and he’ll fight hard, and scrappy. But he’s not a bully.”