Liberalism as a Vaccine Against Authoritarianism: The Role of Justice
In a recent discussion on EconLog, Scott Sumner and Janet Bufton delved into the importance of liberalism as a safeguard against authoritarianism. The central theme revolved around how a proper understanding and consistent application of liberalism can prevent a descent into authoritarianism, even if one may agree with the actions of an authoritarian figure. While their insights are valuable, I believe there is a crucial aspect of liberalism that deserves further exploration: the role of justice in shaping liberal ideals.
Justice lies at the heart of liberalism, serving as a foundational principle that sets it apart from authoritarianism. Adam Smith’s “Theory of Moral Sentiments” provides a comprehensive exploration of justice, distinguishing between various forms such as commutative justice, distributive justice, and estimative justice. Commutative justice, in particular, underscores the importance of treating others with respect and refraining from causing harm or taking what does not belong to us.
The significance of justice in society cannot be overstated. A lack of justice leads to societal unrest, conflicts, and ultimately, the downfall of a community. While justice forms the basis of a functioning society, it alone is not sufficient to create a harmonious and thriving community. Other virtues such as love, benevolence, and beneficence are also essential, but they are constrained by our limited capacity to extend them to everyone equally.
Smith highlights the inherent limitations in our ability to love universally, emphasizing that our affections are naturally more inclined towards those closest to us. However, the distinguishing factor between liberalism and authoritarianism lies in how we treat those who are socially distant from us. Liberals believe in extending justice to all individuals, irrespective of their proximity to us or their relationship with us.
Unlike nationalists or authoritarians who prioritize certain groups over others, liberals maintain that everyone is entitled to a basic level of justice. This universal application of justice forms the bedrock of liberal ideology, serving as a powerful deterrent against the injustices perpetuated by authoritarian regimes. By recognizing the inherent dignity and rights of all individuals, liberalism fosters a sense of empathy and accountability towards those who may be marginalized or oppressed.
The concept of justice in liberalism is simple yet profound. It underscores the fundamental principle that every individual deserves to be treated with fairness and respect, regardless of their social status or background. This commitment to justice acts as a moral compass, guiding us away from the pitfalls of authoritarianism and towards a more inclusive and equitable society.
In conclusion, the liberal understanding of justice is a key component that makes it an effective vaccine against authoritarianism. By upholding the principles of justice and advocating for the rights of all individuals, liberalism serves as a bulwark against the abuses of power and tyranny. Embracing justice as a core tenet of liberalism not only safeguards against authoritarian tendencies but also fosters a more compassionate and just society for all.
