Ancient Romans in Britain were plagued with intestinal parasites that spread through human feces. A recent analysis of the sewer system at Vindolanda, a Roman fort near Hadrian’s Wall, revealed that residents in ancient times were infected with at least three gut parasites—roundworm, whipworm, and Giardia duodenalis.
Roundworms and whipworms are both intestinal parasites that cause various symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, fever, and diarrhea. Roundworms can grow up to 30 centimeters in length, while whipworms are typically smaller. These parasites are usually contracted by consuming food or water contaminated with human feces containing their eggs. Giardia duodenalis, on the other hand, is a microscopic organism that resides in the small intestine. It exists in two forms—cysts and trophozoites—and causes giardiasis, a condition characterized by severe diarrhea and nutrient absorption issues. Like the worms, Giardia duodenalis is also transmitted through human waste.
The study, published in the journal Parasitology, examined 50 sediment samples taken from the drain of a third-century latrine at the fort. Approximately 28% of the samples contained eggs of whipworms or roundworms, while traces of Giardia duodenalis were found in others. Even a sample from an older structure dating back to the first century contained these parasites.
The findings suggest that ancient Romans were likely not as diligent about handwashing and food hygiene as modern standards dictate. Fecal matter may have contaminated the drinking water supply at Vindolanda fort, leading to widespread illness among the residents. Once infected, there were limited treatment options available to the Romans, according to study co-author Marissa Ledger, a medical microbiology resident at McMaster University.
The unsanitary conditions likely affected the Romans’ ability to defend Hadrian’s Wall, a crucial fortification built in C.E. 122 to protect against northern tribes. Disease outbreaks would have been common, with numerous individuals falling ill simultaneously. The study authors concluded that life for a Roman soldier stationed at Hadrian’s Wall was likely quite unpleasant.
The research sheds light on the challenges faced by ancient Romans living near Hadrian’s Wall almost 2,000 years ago. Excavations at Vindolanda continue to uncover new evidence that illuminates the hardships endured by those stationed at this remote outpost of the Roman Empire. Andrew Birley, CEO of the Vindolanda Charitable Trust and a study co-author, emphasized the importance of understanding the difficult conditions faced by Roman soldiers in the region.
In conclusion, the study underscores the importance of maintaining proper hygiene practices to prevent the spread of intestinal parasites and other infectious diseases. The research provides valuable insights into the health challenges faced by ancient Romans living near Hadrian’s Wall and highlights the importance of ongoing archaeological investigations to deepen our understanding of the past.
