Scopolamine, also known as “devil’s breath,” is a drug with a dual identity. In the medical field, it is used to prevent motion sickness and nausea. However, in the criminal underworld, particularly in parts of South America, it has gained a dark reputation as a substance that can erase memory, strip away free will, and facilitate serious crimes. Recently, concerns have been raised about its presence in the UK.
While most reports of devil’s breath come from countries like Colombia, incidents in Europe are not unheard of. In 2015, three individuals were arrested in Paris for allegedly using the drug to rob victims, essentially turning them into compliant ‘zombies’. The UK also saw its first known murder linked to scopolamine in 2019 when Irish dancer Adrian Murphy was poisoned by thieves attempting to sell items stolen from him. In a more recent case in London, a woman reported symptoms consistent with scopolamine exposure after being targeted on public transport.
Scopolamine, also known as hycosine, is a tropane alkaloid found in the nightshade family. It has a long history, with indigenous communities in South America traditionally using it for spiritual rituals due to its potent psychoactive effects. In modern medicine, scopolamine is prescribed to prevent motion sickness, nausea, vomiting, and muscle spasms. It is also used to reduce saliva production before surgery.
The drug works by blocking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which plays a crucial role in memory, learning, and coordination. This blockage helps reduce nausea by interrupting signals from the vestibular system to the brain. However, when used in high doses or outside a clinical setting, scopolamine can have severe side effects.
Scopolamine disrupts the cholinergic system, central to memory formation and retrieval, leading to temporary but severe memory loss. Some studies also suggest that it increases oxidative stress in the brain, compounding its effects on cognition. Victims of scopolamine often describe confusion, hallucinations, and a complete loss of control, earning the drug its reputation as a ‘zombifying’ substance.
In clinical settings, scopolamine is sometimes used off-label for conditions like depression, excessive sweating, and smoking cessation. However, outside of these uses, it is increasingly associated with danger. Recreational users are drawn to its hallucinogenic effects, but the line between a trip and toxicity is thin.
In countries like Colombia, scopolamine, also known as burundanga, has been implicated in numerous robberies and sexual assaults. Victims describe feeling compliant, dreamlike, and unable to resist or recall events, highlighting the drug’s ability to strip individuals of agency and memory. Administered surreptitiously, scopolamine is odorless and tasteless, making it easy to slip into drinks or blow into someone’s face.
Signs of scopolamine poisoning include rapid heartbeat, dry mouth, confusion, hallucinations, and drowsiness. If you experience any of these symptoms, especially after an unexpected interaction, seek medical attention immediately.Overall, scopolamine is a potent drug with both therapeutic and nefarious uses, and its presence in the UK is a cause for concern.
This rewritten content is based on the original article from The Conversation, with a focus on the key points and information provided in the source material. It is tailored for a WordPress platform, ensuring seamless integration and readability for online readers. the perspective of a travel blogger about the top 10 must-visit destinations in 2021.
As the world slowly starts to reopen and travel restrictions are being lifted, many people are eager to start planning their next adventure. If you’re looking for some inspiration on where to go in 2021, look no further. Here are the top 10 must-visit destinations that should be on your travel bucket list this year.
1. Iceland – Known for its stunning natural landscapes, including volcanoes, hot springs, and waterfalls, Iceland is a must-visit destination for nature lovers. Explore the Golden Circle, soak in the Blue Lagoon, and chase the Northern Lights for an unforgettable experience.
2. Japan – With its unique blend of traditional culture and modern technology, Japan offers something for everyone. Visit Tokyo for its bustling city life, Kyoto for its historic temples, and Hiroshima for its poignant history.
3. Greece – From the ancient ruins of Athens to the pristine beaches of the Greek Islands, Greece is a paradise for history buffs and beach lovers alike. Don’t miss the chance to explore the Acropolis, swim in the crystal-clear waters of Santorini, and sample authentic Greek cuisine.
4. New Zealand – With its breathtaking scenery, New Zealand is a dream destination for outdoor enthusiasts. Explore the fjords of Milford Sound, hike the Tongariro Alpine Crossing, and visit the filming locations of “The Lord of the Rings” for a truly epic adventure.
5. Peru – Home to the iconic Machu Picchu, Peru is a must-visit destination for history buffs and adventure seekers. Trek the Inca Trail, explore the Sacred Valley, and sample traditional Peruvian cuisine for a taste of this vibrant South American country.
6. Morocco – With its exotic landscapes, bustling souks, and rich history, Morocco is a feast for the senses. Visit Marrakech for its vibrant markets, explore the Sahara Desert on a camel trek, and relax in a traditional riad for a truly authentic experience.
7. Australia – From the Great Barrier Reef to the Outback, Australia is a land of contrasts and natural wonders. Dive with sharks in the Great Barrier Reef, explore the rainforests of Queensland, and visit the iconic Sydney Opera House for a taste of Aussie culture.
8. Portugal – With its charming cities, picturesque beaches, and delicious cuisine, Portugal is a hidden gem in Europe. Explore the historic streets of Lisbon, relax on the Algarve coast, and sample port wine in Porto for a taste of this vibrant country.
9. South Africa – From the wildlife of Kruger National Park to the stunning landscapes of the Cape Winelands, South Africa offers a diverse range of experiences. Go on a safari, visit the vibrant city of Cape Town, and explore the picturesque Garden Route for an unforgettable trip.
10. Thailand – Known for its tropical beaches, vibrant markets, and ancient temples, Thailand is a must-visit destination for foodies and culture lovers. Explore the temples of Bangkok, relax on the beaches of Phuket, and sample authentic Thai street food for a taste of this exotic country.
Whether you’re looking for adventure, relaxation, or cultural experiences, these top 10 must-visit destinations in 2021 have something for everyone. Start planning your next trip and get ready for the adventure of a lifetime.
