A rare and deadly virus, eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), has been detected in two adult patients this week. One of the patients, an 80-year-old man in Massachusetts, and the other a resident of New Hampshire who has reportedly died from the infection. Officials in northeastern states are urging awareness and vigilance among community members to prevent additional cases. So far this year, there have been four documented cases in the United States.
### What Is Eastern Equine Encephalitis?
Eastern equine encephalitis, also known as EEE, is a virus spread to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. The virus is endemic in the northeastern U.S. and circulates naturally between mosquitoes and birds. While rare, the virus can cause infections in humans and horses, but they are considered dead-end hosts as the virus cannot be further spread from an infected human or horse to a mosquito that may take a subsequent blood meal. Cases of EEE are most common in the spring and summer months when mosquitoes are most active. Over the past 20 years, EEE has caused an average of nine to 10 human cases per year in the U.S.
### What Are The Symptoms Of EEE?
Most individuals infected with EEE do not develop any symptoms. However, in about 30% of cases, symptoms can be severe and may lead to death. Symptoms can include fever, body aches, shaking, chills, joint pain, meningitis, encephalitis, headache, confusion, seizures, coma, and long-term physical and mental disorders. Symptoms are particularly severe in young children and the elderly.
### Are There Vaccines Or Medications For EEE?
Unfortunately, there are no vaccines or antivirals specifically approved for preventing or treating EEE. Patients with mild-to-moderate cases are often treated with supportive care, including hydration and over-the-counter medications for pain and fever. More aggressive supportive care is required for hospitalized patients, and antibiotics are not effective for EEE infection.
### Are Tests Available To Diagnose EEE?
Tests for EEE are not commonly available, but select clinical and public health laboratories can perform testing. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical presentation, recent mosquito exposure, and confirmation by serology or molecular testing, which can detect viral RNA in samples like blood or cerebrospinal fluid.
### How To Prevent EEE Infections
Officials are urging citizens in affected areas to avoid going outside after dusk when mosquitoes are most active. Using insect repellent and wearing long clothing can help prevent mosquito bites. Eliminating standing water around properties, such as in empty pots and old tires, can reduce mosquito breeding areas and help prevent EEE transmission.
By staying informed and taking preventative measures, individuals can reduce the risk of EEE infection and protect themselves and their communities from this rare but serious virus.
