Public choice theory, often referred to as “politics without romance,” challenges the idealistic notion that participants in the political sphere work solely for the common good. Instead of viewing public officials as benevolent servants of the people, public choice theory reveals the prevalence of self-interest, log-rolling, rent-seeking, and the concentration of power in politics.
However, there is another form of romanticism in politics that public choice enthusiasts sometimes fall prey to – the belief that politics can be eliminated altogether by designing the right institutions and incentives. This theory overlooks the fact that we cannot start from scratch and must work within the existing political landscape. It also ignores the fundamental reasons why people engage in politics in the first place.
Adam Smith’s concept of the “man of system” highlights the complexities of political change and the importance of existing structures, interests, and groups. Smith recognized that political changes require compromise, accommodation of existing norms, and the navigation of political realities to achieve lasting impact.
Economist James Buchanan argued that modeling politicians and bureaucrats as economic actors is insufficient without considering the mutual gains that drive political arrangements. The hope for limiting politics through emergent institutions is tempered by the understanding that institutions are also subject to political influence and change.
The quest for lasting restrictions on government action can take two paths – concentrating power in non-democratic institutions or engaging in persuasive democratic processes to bring about change. While the former may prevent politics from resurfacing, it risks undermining democratic principles. The latter, though messier and less romantic, upholds democratic values and treats individuals as equals with their own motivations.
In conclusion, public choice theory exposes the flaws in political idealism but also serves as a reminder of the complexities and realities of political engagement. While the temptation to depoliticize society may seem appealing, true democratic principles require ongoing negotiation, compromise, and engagement to create lasting change. Ultimately, embracing the messiness of politics is essential for upholding democratic and liberal values in society.
